![]() From Keban to the Syrian–Turkish border, the river drops another 368 metres (1,207 ft) over a distance of less than 600 kilometres (370 mi). At the location of the Keban Dam, the two rivers, now combined into the Euphrates, have dropped to an elevation of 693 metres (2,274 ft) amsl. īoth the Kara Su and the Murat Su rise northwest from Lake Van at elevations of 3,290 metres (10,790 ft) and 3,520 metres (11,550 ft) amsl, respectively. The length of the Shatt al-Arab, which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Persian Gulf, is given by various sources as 145–195 kilometres (90–121 mi). The same figures are given by Isaev and Mikhailova. Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), of which 1,230 kilometres (760 mi) is in Turkey, 710 kilometres (440 mi) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) in Iraq. It emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su or Western Euphrates (450 kilometres (280 mi)) and the Murat Su or Eastern Euphrates (650 kilometres (400 mi)) 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) upstream from the town of Keban in southeastern Turkey. The Euphrates is the longest river of Western Asia. In Sumerian, the name of the city of Sippar in modern-day Iraq was also written UD.KIB.NUN, indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river. The name could also be written KIB.NUN.(NA) or dKIB.NUN, with the prefix " d" indicating that the river was a divinity. In these texts, written in Sumerian, the Euphrates is called Buranuna ( logographic: UD.KIB.NUN). The earliest references to the Euphrates come from cuneiform texts found in Shuruppak and pre- Sargonic Nippur in southern Iraq and date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE. In Mandaean scriptures, the Euphrates is considered to be the earthly manifestation of the heavenly yardna or flowing river (similar to the Yazidi concept of Lalish being the earthly manifestation of its heavenly counterpart). The Mandaic name is Praš ( ࡐࡓࡀࡔ), and is often mentioned as Praš Ziwa (pronounced Fraš Ziwa) in Mandaean scriptures such as the Ginza Rabba. The name is Yeprat in Armenian ( Եփրատ), Perat in Hebrew ( פרת), Fırat in Turkish and Firat in Kurdish. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov suggest the Proto-Sumerian *burudu "copper" (Sumerian urudu) as an origin, with an explanation that Euphrates was the river by which copper ore was transported in rafts, since Mesopotamia was the center of copper metallurgy during the period. The Elamite, Akkadian, and possibly Sumerian forms are suggested to be from an unrecorded substrate language. Arabic: الفرات, romanized: al-Furāt Syriac: ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt) and in other nearby languages of the time (cf. In Akkadian the river was called Purattu, which has been perpetuated in Semitic languages (cf. The Elamite name is ultimately derived from a name spelt in cuneiform as □□□, which read as Sumerian is "Buranuna" and read as Akkadian is "Purattu" many cuneiform signs have a Sumerian pronunciation and an Akkadian pronunciation, taken from a Sumerian word and an Akkadian word that mean the same. The Ancient Greek form Euphrátēs ( Ancient Greek: Εὐφράτης, as if from Greek εὖ "good" and φράζω "I announce or declare") was adapted from Old Persian □□□□□□ Ufrātu, itself from Elamite □□□□□ ú-ip-ra-tu-iš. 6.1 Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic periods.
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